在复合句中修饰某个名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。学习定语从句,引导定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,whose(一般指人);which(一般指物);that(指人或物)等。在句中充当主语、宾语、表语或定语。如:
1.thisistheteacherwho/thatteachesusenglish.这就是教我们英语的老师。(关系代词who/that作主语。)
2.doyouunderstandthesentencewhich/thatihavejustexplainedtoyou?你们懂不懂我刚才给你们讲的那个句子?(关系代词which/that作haveexplained的宾语。)
3.chinaisnolongerthecountrythatsheusedtobe.*不再是过去那样的国家了。(关系代词that作be的表语。)
4.doyouknowthestudentwhosepositionisthebestinourschool?你认识那个在我们学校作文最好的学生吗?(关系代词whose作position的定语。)
关系代词引导定语从句要注意下列几个问题:
一、关系代词与先行词。关系代词所修饰的(或指代的)词叫做先行词;先行词如果是“物”,则关系代词用which或that;先行词如果是“人”,则关系代词用who或that;也就是说,that既可用来修饰“人”也可用来修饰“物”。如:
1.thisisthenewspaperwhich/thatiamlookingfor.
[分析]定语从句的先行词为news-paper,故关系代词可以用which或that。
2.mr.liistheteacherwho/thatteachesusenglish.
[分析]定语从句的先行词为teacher,故关系代词可以用who或that。
但如果先行词为all,everything,anything,nothing,little,much等不定代词,或先行词被very,all,no,any,every,little,much,only等不定代词修饰时,关系代词只用that;如果先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时,关系代词也只用that;如果先行词既有“人”又有“物”时,关系代词也只能用that。如:
1.finally,thethiefhandedevery-thingthathehadstolentothepolice.
2.that’stheonlythingthatwecandonow.
3.thisisthefirstpositionthatihavewritteninenglish.
4.weoftentalkofthepersonsandthingsthatweknewintheschool.
二、省略与不能省略。关系代词作主语,不能省略;关系代词作宾语,可以省略。如:
1.beihaiparkisoneofthemostbeautifulparksthatwerebuiltabout300yearsagoinbeijing.
[分析]beihaiparkisoneofthemostbeautifulparks是主句;thatwerebuiltabout300yearsagoinbeijing是定语从句。关系代词that作定语从句的主语,故不能省略。
2.thebook(which/that)ilentyouyesterdayismybrother’s.
[分析]thebookismybrother’s是主句;(which/that)ilentyouyesterday是定语从句。关系代词which/that作定语从句里谓语动词的宾语,故可以省略。
3.theoldmanwithwhitehair(who/whom/that)wesawatyesterday’smeetingisaprofessor.
[分析]theoldmanwithwhitehairisaprofessor.是主句;(who/whom/that)wesawatyesterday’smeeting是定语从句。关系代词who/whom/that作谓语动词saw的宾语,故可以省略。
三、whose的用法。不管先行词是“人”还是“物”,都可以用关系代词whose作定语修饰后面的名词。如:
1.thisbookisforthestudentswhosenativelanguageisnotenglish.
[分析]whose的先行词是“人”;whose的意思相当于thestudents’,在定语从句里充当定语。
2.doyouknowwhoislivinginthathousewhosewindowsfacesouth?
[分析]whose的先行词是thathouse;whosewindow的意思相当于thewindowofthathouse,在定语从句里充当定语。
四、who与whom。指代“人”的关系代词作宾语时,既可用who也可用whom,但作主语时只能用who。如:
1.isthisthemanwho/whomyouaskedforhelpyesterday?
[分析]因为关系代词作asked的宾语,故既可以用who也可以用whom(当然也可以省略)。
2.thisisthemanwhohelpedmecarrymybagupstairs.
[分析]因为关系代词作主语,故只能用who(当然也可以用that)。
定语从句中的关系副词
定语从句中的关系副词有三个:when,where和why,它们在定语从句中分别作时间、地点和原因状语。其句法结构如下:
表时间的名词+when+定语从句
when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。
例:istillrememberthedaywhenifirstcametobeijing.
表地点的名词+where+定语从句
where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。
例:thefactorywherehisfatherworksisinthewestofthecity.
表原因的名词reason+why+定语从句(why只用于reason之后的限制*定语从句中,在定语从句中作原因状语。)
例:thatisthereasonwhyididthejob.(在现代英语中why可以省略)
关系副词在定语从句中的用法看似简单,但以下注意点不可忽视:
1.“when”、“where”和“why”的运用取决于表时间的名词、表地点的名词和表原因的名词reason在定语从句中所作的成分,比较下面的几组句子:
★iwillneverforgetthedaywhenifirstmetyouontheseashore.
★iwillneverforgetthedayswhich/thatwespenttogetherinxueyaomiddleschool.
thisisthehospitalwheremymotherworks.
thisisthehospitalwhich/thatwevisitedthedaybeforeyesterday.
thereasonwhyhedidnotgotoschoolisthathewasill.
thisisthereasonwhich/thathegavehisbossintheoffice.
2.“when”、“where”和“why”都可以替换成“介词+which”,介词的选用取决于先行词和定语从句中的动词。例如:
doyoustillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichwefirstmetinnantong?
thisistheroomwhere/inwhichwelivedlastyear.
doyouknowthereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtogotomary’sbirthdayparty?
有时定语从句中介词短语和动词有意义紧密的修饰关系,尤其在非限制*定语从句中,常使用“介词+which”结构,而不使用关系副词。例:
mymotherworksinafactory,infrontofwhichthereisasmallriver.
atnightthesoldiersgottoasmallhill,atthefootofwhichstoodafarmhouse.
3.关系副词“when”、“where”既可引导限制*定语从句,也可引导非限制*定语从句。例:
iwillalwaysrememberthedaywhenifirstvisitedthegreatwall.
hecametoshanghaiin1980,whenhewasonly12.
idon’tknowtheexactspotwheretheywillmeet.
mrwangwillflytobeijing,wherehewillstayforthreemonths.
有时关系副词“when”、“where”引导的限制*定语从句和先行词有间隔的现象,是为了平衡句子的语法需要。
doyourememberoneafternoontenyearsagowhenicametoyourhouseandborrowedadiamondnecklace?
thedaysaregoneforeverwhenthechinesepeopleused“foreignoil”.
简述“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
在“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句的运用中,介词和关系代词的选用需注意以下几点:
一、介词的选用原则
1.根据定语从句中谓语动词的习惯搭配来决定。
①thisisthebookonwhichispent8yuan.(spendmoneyonsth.为固定搭配)
②thisisthebookforwhichipaid8yuan.(paymoneyforsth.为固定搭配)
2.根据先行词的搭配习惯来决定。
①irememberthedayonwhichijoinedtheleague.(强调在具体某一天前要用介词on)
②irememberthedaysduringwhichilivedhere.(强调在某几天时间内要用介词during)
③irememberthemonthinwhichistayedthere.(在month前介词要用in)
④idon’tliketheway(that/inwhich)hespoketoher.(先行词为way,表示“方式、方法”后接that或inwhich或者省略)
二、若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时只可用whom,不可用who、that;关系代词指物时只可用which,不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。
①刚才跟你谈话的那个人是我的邻居。
themanwithwhomyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.(正)
themanwiththat/whoyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.(误)
②我们去加拿大所乘坐的飞机实在很舒服。
theplaneinwhichweflewtocanadawasreallyfortable.(正)
theplaneinthatweflewtocanadawasreallyfortable.(误)
三、介词可以后移,关系代词可以省略。
①thepersontowhomyou’llwriteismr.ball.
=theperson(whom/that/who)you’llwritetoismr.ball.
②whatdoyouthinkofthematerials(which/that)theseclothesweremadeof?
=whatdoyouthinkofthematerialsofwhichtheseclothesweremade?
四、含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开,介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如:lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等。
①这是我正在找的手表。
thisisthewatch(which/that)iamlookingfor.(正)
thisisthewatchforwhichiamlooking.(误)
②那个保姆照看的小宝宝们都很健康。
thebabies(whom/who/that)thenurseislookingafterareveryhealthy.(正)
thebabiesafterwhomthenurseislookingareveryhealthy.(误)
五、“介词+关系代词”前还可有some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代词或者数词。如:
①inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.
②therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.
③uptonow,hehaswrittentenstories,threeofwhichareaboutcountrylife.
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